Distant metastasis accounts for the vast majority of deaths in patients with cancer. Breast
cancer exhibits a distinct metastatic pattern commonly involving bone, liver, lung, and brain. …

Purpose: No study has yet analyzed whether changes in relative expression levels of
progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms A and B in human breast tumors have significance in …

Although the androgen receptor (AR) is a known clinical target in prostate cancer, little is
known about its possible role in breast cancer. We have investigated the role of AR expression …

Purpose: Breast cancer is a hormone-dependent cancer, and the presence of estrogen
receptor α (ER-α) in tumors is used clinically to predict the likelihood of response to hormonal …

Estrogen receptor (ER) α is mutated (lysine 303 to arginine, K303R) in approximately one
third of premalignant breast hyperplasias, which renders breast cancer cells expressing the …

The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway (MAPK signaling pathway) plays a significant
role in multiple pathological behaviors and is most frequently dysregulated in more than 30% …

Antiestrogen resistance is a major clinical problem in the treatment of breast cancer. Altered
growth factor signaling with estrogen receptor (ER)-α is associated with the development of …

Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are rapidly becoming the first choice for hormonal treatment of
estrogen receptor-α (ERα)–positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. However, de …

Estrogen receptor (ER)α activity is controlled by the balance of coactivators and corepressors
contained within cells that are recruited into transcriptional complexes. The metastasis-…

We earlier identified a lysine to arginine transition at residue 303 (K303R) in estrogen
receptor alpha (ERα) in invasive breast cancers, which confers resistance to the aromatase …