Elsevier

Annals of Oncology

Volume 25, Issue 8, August 2014, Pages 1492-1499
Annals of Oncology

reviews
Early recognition of malnutrition and cachexia in the cancer patient: a position paper of a European School of Oncology Task Force

https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu085Get rights and content
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ABSTRACT

Background

Weight loss and cachexia are common, reduce tolerance of cancer treatment and the likelihood of response, and independently predict poor outcome.

Methods

A group of experts met under the auspices of the European School of Oncology to review the literature and—on the basis of the limited evidence at present—make recommendations for malnutrition and cachexia management and future research.

Conclusions

Our focus should move from end-stage wasting to supporting patients' nutritional and functional state throughout the increasingly complex and prolonged course of anti-cancer treatment. When inadequate nutrient intake predominates (malnutrition), this can be managed by conventional nutritional support. In the presence of systemic inflammation/altered metabolism (cachexia), a multi-modal approach including novel therapeutic agents is required. For all patients, oncologists should consider three supportive care issues: ensuring sufficient energy and protein intake, maintaining physical activity to maintain muscle mass and (if present) reducing systemic inflammation. The results of phase II/III trials based on novel drug targets (e.g. cytokines, ghrelin receptor, androgen receptor, myostatin) are expected in the next 2 years. If effective therapies emerge, early detection of malnutrition and cachexia will be increasingly important in the hope that timely intervention can improve both patient-centered and oncology outcomes.

Key words

cancer cachexia
malnutrition
nutritional support
systemic inflammation
review

Cited by (0)

It is with great regret, and in sincere acknowledgement of his contribution to the paper, that his co-authors report the death of Steve Grunberg in September 2013.