Strategies for exploring tumor evolution
| Strategy | Highlight | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Longitudinal cohorts | A model widely used for identifying the differences between primary and recurrent GBMs, to explore treatment-driven tumor evolution | Kim et al.3 Wang et al.4 Kim et al.6 Wang et al.18 Johnson et al.33 Osuka & Van Meir34 Varn et al.35 |
| Computational methods based on massive data | Computational models for predicting potential evolutionary sequences on the basis of large amounts of data | Ozawa et al.36 Korber et al.37 |
| Multifocal GBMs | A model for identifying differences between lesions in the same GBM, to explore natural tumor evolution | Wu et al.12 Abou-El-Ardat et al.38 Liu et al.39 Lee et al.40 |
| Organoids | A rapid model for exploring cellular crosstalk during tumor evolution; potentially limited by the complexity of cell populations and the tumor microenvironment | Tang et al.41 Zhang et al.42 Jacob et al.43 |
| Animal models | Models for studying tumor evolution in animals | Yeo et al.21 Tentler et al.44 Miyai et al.45 |