Indicators | Method | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
Changes in cell morphology | Cell swelling, membrane blebbing and rupture, bubble-like protrusions | Microscopy analysis | 23,27,48 |
TEM | 64,65 | ||
SEM | 21 | ||
Automated live cell imager | 66 | ||
GSDM-mediated pore formation | liposome leakage method | 67,68 | |
AFM | 69,70 | ||
Monitoring cell death | Cell viability | MTT/MTS assay | 71,72 |
DNA fragmentation | TUNEL method | 73,74 | |
Staining status | Annexin V/PI staining, SYTOX/7-ADD/EtBr/TO-PRO3 staining | Microscopy analysis, Flow cytometry | 23,25,53 |
Molecular biomarkers | Cleavage of GSDM family (GSDMB/C/D/E) | Western blot Immunohistochemistry Immunofluorescence Q-PCR | 23,51,53,75,76 |
GSDM-Flag | |||
Activation of Caspase-1/3/4/5/11 | |||
GzmA and GzmB | |||
Released substances: IL-1β, IL-18, HMGB1, ATP, LDH | ELISA, ELISPOT | 27,72,77 | |
Other methods | The dynamic process of pyroptosis in vivo | Two-photon imaging technology | 78 |
TEM, transmission electron microscopy; SEM, scanning electron microscope; GSDM, gasdermin; AFM, atomic force microscopy; GzmA, granzyme A; GzmB, granzyme B.