Baseline demographic and lifestyle characteristics of liver cancer cases and non-cases (SWHS, 1996–2016)
| non-cases (n = 72,452) | liver cancer cases (n = 252) | P | Dietary total fat in all cohort members | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 18,176) | Q2 (n = 18,176) | Q3 (n = 18,176) | Q4 (n = 18,176) | |||||
| Age | 52.48 ± 9.05 | 58.48 ± 8.27 | < 0.0001 | 54.47 ± 9.12 | 52.57 ± 9.09 | 51.87 ± 8.97 | 51.09 ± 8.68 | < 0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24 (3.42) | 25.01 (3.77) | < 0.0001 | 24.79 (3.6) | 24 (3.4) | 23.69 (3.33) | 23.55 (3.21) | < 0.0001 |
| Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 106.57 (45.09) | 106.36 (48.3) | 0.942 | 111.65 (46.5) | 106.82 (44.78) | 104.33 (43.99) | 103.46 (44.63) | < 0.0001 |
| Calorie intake (kcal/day) | 1673.89 (393.73) | 1627.46 (391.02) | 0.062 | 1769.98 (390.07) | 1595.64 (352.98) | 1600.84 (362.87) | 1728.45 (433.6) | < 0.0001 |
| Education | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Elementary school and below | 15,393 (21.25) | 107 (42.46) | 6,202 (34.12) | 3,946 (21.71) | 3,035 (16.7) | 2,317 (12.75) | ||
| Middle school | 27,003 (37.27) | 62 (24.6) | 6,805 (37.44) | 6,900 (37.96) | 6,778 (37.29) | 6,582 (36.21) | ||
| High school | 20,262 (27.97) | 59 (23.41) | 3,722 (20.48) | 5,073 (27.91) | 5,516 (30.35) | 6,010 (33.07) | ||
| College and above | 9,794 (13.52) | 24 (9.52) | 1,447 (7.96) | 2,257 (12.42) | 2,847 (15.66) | 3,267 (17.97) | ||
| Occupation | 0.034 | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Professional | 20,618 (28.46) | 57 (22.62) | 3,628 (19.96) | 5,010 (27.56) | 5,803 (31.93) | 6,234 (34.3) | ||
| Housewife | 265 (0.37) | 3 (1.19) | 96 (0.53) | 73 (0.4) | 44 (0.24) | 55 (0.3) | ||
| Clerical | 15,024 (20.74) | 58 (23.02) | 3,783 (20.81) | 3,744 (20.6) | 3,759 (20.68) | 3,796 (20.88) | ||
| Manual workers | 36,545 (50.44) | 134 (53.17) | 10,669 (58.7) | 9,349 (51.44) | 8,570 (47.15) | 8,091 (44.51) | ||
| Family income (yuan/year) | 0.001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| < 10,000 | 11,632 (16.05) | 59 (23.41) | 3,657 (20.12) | 2,997 (16.49) | 2,604 (14.33) | 2,433 (13.39) | ||
| 10,000- | 27,693 (38.22) | 93 (36.9) | 7,559 (41.59) | 7,054 (38.81) | 6,683 (36.77) | 6,490 (35.71) | ||
| 20,000- | 20,373 (28.12) | 74 (29.37) | 4,600 (25.31) | 5,100 (28.06) | 5,352 (29.45) | 5,395 (29.68) | ||
| 30,000 | 12,754 (17.6) | 26 (10.32) | 2,360 (12.98) | 3,025 (16.64) | 3,537 (19.46) | 3,858 (21.23) | ||
| Smoking status (yes) | 1,996 (2.75) | 11 (4.37) | 0.119 | 623 (3.43) | 458 (2.52) | 440 (2.42) | 486 (2.67) | < 0.0001 |
| Alcohol drinking status (yes) | 1,627 (2.25) | 4 (1.59) | 0.481 | 329 (1.81) | 337 (1.85) | 399 (2.2) | 566 (3.11) | < 0.0001 |
| Tea drinking status (yes) | 21,689 (29.94) | 54 (21.43) | 0.003 | 4,170 (22.94) | 5,285 (29.08) | 5,808 (31.95) | 6,480 (35.65) | < 0.0001 |
| Menopausal status (yes) | 35,317 (48.75) | 194 (76.98) | < 0.0001 | 10,596 (58.3) | 8,987 (49.44) | 8,324 (45.8) | 7,604 (41.84) | < 0.0001 |
| Family history of liver cancer | 2,360 (3.26) | 25 (9.92) | < 0.0001 | 598 (3.29) | 558 (3.07) | 641 (3.53) | 588 (3.24) | 0.105 |
| History of hepatitis | 1,830 (2.53) | 36 (14.29) | < 0.0001 | 405 (2.23) | 491 (2.7) | 485 (2.67) | 485 (2.67) | 0.011 |
| History of cholelithiasis | 8,044 (11.1) | 50 (19.84) | < 0.0001 | 2,506 (13.79) | 2,081 (11.45) | 1,852 (10.19) | 1,655 (9.11) | < 0.0001 |
| History of diabetes | 3,099 (4.28) | 25 (9.92) | < 0.0001 | 486 (2.67) | 666 (3.66) | 826 (4.54) | 1,146 (6.31) | < 0.0001 |
SWHS, Shanghai Women’s Health Study; BMI, body mass index. Values are the means (SD) for continuous variables and count (proportion) for categorical items.