The influence of microbes on cancer development
| Malignancy | Methods | Main results | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Head and neck cancer | Meta-analysis | Oral microbiota converts alcohol into acetaldehyde, thus causing cancer. | 26 |
| Case-control study | HPV is widely considered an independent risk factor inducing OPSCC. | 30 | |
| Murine model | P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum infection promotes OSCC via the IL-6-STAT3 pathway. | 33 | |
| Case-control study | P. melaninogenica, C. gingivalis, and S. mitis are elevated in the saliva of individuals with OSCC. | 34 | |
| Case-control study | Actinomyces and Firmicutes are significantly depleted in tumor tissue relative to normal tissue. | 35 | |
| Colorectal cancer (CRC) | Case-control study | Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas are detectable in samples from patients with CRC. | 40 |
| Case-control study | Treponema denticola and Prevotella intermedia are associated with increased risk of CRC. | 41 | |
| Murine model | F. nucleatum precipitates CRC carcinogenesis via immune modulation, virulence factors, microRNAs, and bacterial metabolism. | 44 | |
| Case-control study | Gemella, Peptostreptococcus, and Parvimonas are found in CRC. | 40 | |
| Case-control study | Gut microbial dysbiosis contributes to the development of CRC. | 61 | |
| Case-control study | Lower relative abundance of Clostridia and higher relative abundance of Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium are found in patients with CRC. | 42 | |
| Murine model | Stool microbiota from patients with CRC promotes colorectal carcinogenesis in mice. | 63 | |
| Case-control study | Streptococcus bovis is a risk factor for colonic tumors. | 66 | |
| Murine model | ETBF is highly expressed in patients with CRC compared with healthy people. | 67,68 | |
| Murine model | E. coli induces tumorigenesis through generating DNA mutagens. | 70 | |
| Murine model | Campylobacter jejuni promotes CRC through the genotoxic action of cytolethal distending toxin. | 71 | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Case-control study | The Bacteroides genus and Granulicatella adiacens are more common in patients with pancreatic cancer than healthy people; however, Neisseria elongata and Streptococcus mitis are present in lower concentrations in pancreatic cancer. | 49 |
| Case-control study | P. gingivalis may contribute to a higher risk of pancreatic cancer. | 51 | |
| Case-control study | Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis in the oral cavity are associated with pancreatic carcinogenesis, whereas the phylum Fusobacteria and its genus Leptotrichia are protective and decrease the risk. | 13 | |
| Liver cancer | Murine model | Gut bacterial metabolites cause DNA damage and carcinogenesis. | 79 |
| Murine model | Gut bacteria-controlled bile acids may alter immune function, thus influencing tumor growth. | 81 | |
| Murine model | Intestinal microbiota and lipopolysaccharide accelerate hepatocarcinogenesis. | 82 | |
| Murine model | A gram-positive gut microbial component increases the risk of cancer development through creating a tumor-promoting microenvironment. | 83 | |
| Breast cancer | Case-control study | The intestinal flora in patients with breast cancer is different from that in healthy controls. | 85 |
| Murine model | Gut dysbiosis affects mammary tumor dissemination. | 88 |