Studies on immune system targeting RAS-driven cancers

Immunomodulator	Mechanism of action	Results	Cell line	Reference
Host immune system	KRAS^GD12- knockdown cells increased production of interleukin 18 by host immune system	Dramatic reversion of the transformed phenotype, reduction of proliferation rate subcutaneous tumor formation	KRAS^GD12 murine C26 colorectal cancer cells	¹²⁹
Lenalidomide in combination with cetuximab	Increase in NK cells and antibody dependent cell-mediated toxicity	Increases in circulating na and central memory T cells	KRAS-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer cells	¹⁶⁰
Engineered T cells	Activity of T-cell receptors of engineered T cells against the HLA-A^*11:01⁺ tumor lines presenting mutated KRAS variants	Reduction of tumor growth in xenograft model	KRAS mutant human pancreatic tumor lines	¹⁶³
MEK inhibition in combination with anti-PD-L1	Induction of the accumulation of antigen-specific CD⁸⁺ T cell effectors in tumors and prevention of the "exhaustive" T cell death	Durable tumor regression	CT26 colon carcinoma cell line harboring mutant KRAS^G12D	¹⁶²
Pembrolizumab	PD-1 blockade immunotherapy	Remarkable clinical benefit to PD-1 inhibitors	Lung adenocarcinoma	¹⁶⁴