Table 3

Changes in amino acid metabolites in GC and EC, compared with controls

StudySample typeAnalytical platformEssential amino acidNon-essential amino acid
ValHisPheThrLeuMetTrpIleLysTyrGlnGluSerAsnGlyAlaArgAspCysPro
GC
 Tugnoli (2006)69TissueHR-MAS NMR↑
 Calabrese (2008)68TissueHR-MAS MRS↑↑
 Hirayama (2009)66TissueCE–MS↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑
Wu (2010)61TissueGC–MS↑↑↑↑
Yu (2011)58PlasmaGC/TOF MS↑↑
Song (2012)51SerumGC–MS↑↓
Aa (2012)52Serum
Tissue		GC/TOFMS↓↓↓
↑
Jung (2014)39Urine
Tissue		1H NMR;
HR-MAS NMR		↑↑↑↑
↑		↑
↑		↑↑↑↑
↑		↑↑↑
↑		↑↑
Chen (2014)41UrineMRB-CE-MS↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓
Yang (2014)43SerumLC–MS↑↑
Liang (2015)37UrineLC–MS↓↑↑
Wang (2016)33Tissue1H NMR↑↑↓↑↑↑↑↑↑↓↑
Chan (2016)34Urine1H-NMR↑
Kuligowski (2016)35PlasmaUPLC–TOFMS↓↑
Wang (2017)31SerumHPLCESI/Q-TOFMS↑↑↑
Lario (2017)25PlasmaLC–MS↓↓↑
Xiu (2018)20PlasmaUHPLC–MS/MS↑↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↑↓↓↑↓↓
Jing (2018)23PlasmaLC–MS/MS↓↓↓↓
EC
Wu (2009)67TissueGC/MS↑↑↑↑↑
Yakoub (2010)62TissueNMR↑
Ayshamgul (2010)65Plasma1H NMR↓↓↓↓
Zhang (2011)60SerumNMR↑↑
Zhang (2012)54SerumLC–MS and NMR↓↓↓↓↑↓↑
Hasim (2012)53Urine
Plasma		1H NMR↓
↓		↓↑↓↓↑↑↓
Davis (2012)55Urine1H NMR↓↓↓↓↓↓↑
Ikeda (2012)50SerumGC–MS↑
Yang (2013)45Tissue1H NMR↑↑
Zhang (2013)46Serum1H NMR; UHPLC↑↑↑↓↓↑↓↑↑↑↑
Wang (2013)48Tissue1H NMR↑↑↑↑↑↓↓↑↓↓
Xu (2016)36UrineLC–MS↑↑
Zhang (2017)26TissueLC–MS↑↑↓↑↓↑
Cheng (2017)27SerumUPLC-MS/MS↑
Cheng (2017)28SerumLC-MS/MS↓
Zhu (2017)29Serum
Tissue		GC/TOF-MS↓
↑		↑↓
↑		↓
↑		↓
↑		↓
↑		↓
↑		↓
↑		↑
↑		↑↑
↓		↓
↑		↓
↑		↓
↑		↓
↑		↓
↑		↑↑
↑		↓
↑
Reed (2017)30Tissue1H NMR↓↓
Tokunaga (2018)22TissueCE-TOFMS↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↓↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑
Ma (2018)24Serum2D LC–MS↓↑↑↑↑↑

EO, esophageal cancer; GC, gastric cancer; Val, valine; His, histidine; Phe, phenylalanine; Thr, threonine; Leu, leucine; Met, methionine; Trp, tryptophan; Ile, isoleucine; Lys, lysine; Tyr, tyrosine; Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamic acid; Ser, serine; Asn, asparagine; Gly, glycine; Ala, alanine; Arg, arginine; Asp, aspartic acid; Cys, cystine; Pro, proline; 1H NMR, proton nuclear magnetic resonance; HR-MAS-NMR, high-resolution magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; GC–MS, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; CE–MS, capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry; HPLC–MS, high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; LC–MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry