Group | Medicine | Clinical application | Reference |
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy | Sipuleucil-T | Castration-resistant prostate cancer | 2, 12 |
TIL-based ACIT* | Metastatic melanoma | 14, 15 | |
CAR-T** | B-lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma | 3, 30, 32 | |
Immune checkpoint blockade | Ipilimumab | Metastatic melanoma | 3, 19 |
Nivolumab | Metastatic melanoma, NSCL, renal cancer | 6, 18, 20 | |
Atezolizumab | Advanced bladder cancer | 6, 18, 21 | |
Bispecific antibody | Blinatumomab | Refractory B-lymphoblastic leukemia | 23, 24 |
Catumaxomab | EpCAM-positive tumor, malignant ascites | 23 | |
Fc-modified antibody | Mogamulizumab | Acute T-cell leukemia/lymphoma | 17, 25 |
Obinutuzumab | Refractory lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma | 25, 27 | |
Drug repositioning | Cyclophosphamide | Eliminating Treg | 10, 37 |
Doxorubicin | Eliminating MDSC | 38 | |
Sunitinib | Eliminating Treg/MDSC | 40, 41 | |
Erlotinib | Enhancing MHC | 40, 42 |
TIL: tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; ACIT: adoptive cellular immunotherapy; CAR-T: chimeric antigen receptor-T cell; NSCL: non-small cell lung cancer; Fc: fragment crystallizable; EpCAM: epithelial cellular adhesion molecule; Treg: regulatory T cells; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; * in the clinical development at phase 2; ** in the clinical development at phase 3, the rest of therapeutic agents have been approved for clinical use.