Estimates of overdiagnosis attributed to population mammography screening (percentages are summarized from Carter et al.21)
| Study design | Range of estimates of BC overdiagnosis21 |
| RCTs* | 10% to 22% |
| Cohort studies | 1.0% to 19.4% |
| Ecological studies | 1.0% to 76.0% |
| Modelling studies | 0.3% to 31.9%** |
* From RCT follow-up studies allowing estimation of overdiagnosis (reported in Carter et al.21 from Miller et al.38 and Zackrisson et al.39).
** High end estimate of this range calculated for DCIS (reported in Carter et al.21 from Seigneurin et al.40).