Studies based on improved texosomal delivery system for cancer therapy

Texosome source	Modification method	Type of cargo	Type of cancer	Outcomes	Ref
HeLa, HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cell	Chemical treatment, electroporation	SiRNAs against RAD51 or RAD52	−	Effective post-transcriptional gene silencing, massive reproductive cell death	¹⁰⁴
Breast cancer cell lines (HCC70, HCC1954, and MCF-7)	Gene transfection	let-7a, siRNA against EGFR, anti-EGFR peptide	Breast cancer	Inhibitory impact on the growth of breast cancer tumor model	¹⁰⁵
Mouse immature dendritic cells	Gene transfection combined with electroporation	(Lamp2b) fused to αv integrin-specific iRGD peptide, doxorubicin	Breast cancer	Efficient targeting and delivery to tumor cells, suppression of tumor growth without obvious toxicity	¹⁰⁶
EL-4	Incubation at 22 °C for 5 min	Curcumin and cucurbitacin I (Stat3 inhibitor)	GL26 brain tumor model	Prolong the growth of brain tumor, decrease the inflammation in brain, rising microglia cell apoptosis	¹⁰⁷
HEK-293T cells	Gene transfection	Cytosine deaminase (CD) fused to uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT) (suicide gene)	Schwannoma tumors	Inhibition of tumor growth after treatment with modified exosomes accompanied with systematic administration of 5-FC	¹⁰⁸
A murine melanoma cell line B16F1	Cell transduction to the CIITA gene (Class II transactivator)	High amount of MHC class II	Melanoma	Increase the proliferation of splenocyte and IL-2 release; enhance levels of TNF-α, chemokine receptor CCR7, and IL-12; delay tumor growth	¹⁰⁹
J558 myeloma cell line	Gene transfection	Texosome contains membrane-bounded HSP70 pulsed with dendritic cells	Melanoma	CTL and NK cell-mediated antitumor responses	¹¹⁰
	Texosome display	Staphylococcal enterotoxin A anchored texosome	Lymphoma	Inhibitory impact on the growth of tumor; increase INF-γ and IL-2; prolong survival time	⁹⁹
Marrow stromal cell	Transfection	Cel-miR-67 and hsa-miR-146b	9L gliosarcoma	M146-exo reduce tumor size	¹¹¹
E.G7-OVA tumor cells	Transfection	Texosome containing IL-2	E.G7-OVA tumor cells	Induction of antitumor response by Th1 cells, CTL and NK cells, inhibitory effect on tumor growth	¹¹²
MCA101 C57Bl/6 fibrosarcoma	Transfection	Tumor antigen bounded to vesicle compared with soluble one	Fibrosarcoma	Inhibitory effect on tumor growth and induction antitumor immune response in bounded manner compared with soluble factor	¹¹³
MDA MB-231, MIA PACA-2, SKOV-3	Exosome display technology	Staphylococcal enterotoxin B anchored tumoral exosome	Breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer	Induction of apoptosis via intrinsic pathway	¹⁰⁰^-¹⁰²
Texosome mimetic
U937cells, Raw 264.7 cells, and CT26 cells	Cell was extruded through 10, 5, and 1 μm filters	Chemotherapeutic drug-loaded texosomes	Colon adenocarcinoma	Dose-dependent TNF-α mediated cell death, inhibitory effect on tumor growth, and induction of antitumor immune responses	¹¹⁴
Embryonic stem cells	Extrusion through microchannels	Native mRNAs of Oct 3/4 and Nanog	NIH-3T3 fibroblasts	An efficient exosome mimetic method to deliver and express mRNA	¹¹⁵