PTMs and their effects on GAPDH
| PTMs | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|
| Phosphorylation | By AKT at thr237: inhibition of GAPDH nuclear translocation and pro-apoptotic functions | 44 |
| By PKC ι/λ: enhancement of GAPDH participation in secretory pathway and membrane fusion | 76 | |
| By PKCδ: decrease in GAPDH-driven mitophagy | 83 | |
| S-nitrosylation | By NO: stimulation of GAPDH-SIAH1 binding activity, nuclear translocation, and pro-apoptotic functions | 40 |
| By NO at Cys152: stimulation of GAPDH-SIAH1 binding activity, nuclear translocation, and pro-apoptotic functions | 84 | |
| By IFN and oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein at Cys247: inhibition of GAPDH chaperone functions | 91 | |
| ADP ribosylation | Enhancement of GAPDH pro-survival functions | 101 |
| Carbonylation | Induced by NO: enhancement of GAPDH nuclear translocation and pro-apoptotic functions | 107 |
| Induced by UV-B and γ-irradiation: enhancement of GAPDH pro-apoptotic functions | 108 | |
| Acetylation | By p300/CBP at Lys160: enhancement of GAPDH pro-apoptotic functions | 110 |
| By PCAF at Lys117, 227, and 251: enhancement of GAPDH nuclear translocation | 112 | |
| O-GlcANcylation | Disruption of GAPDH tetramer formation and enhancement of nuclear translocation and pro-apoptotic functions | 114 |
| S-glutathionylation | Induced by GSNO: effect of GAPDH participation in cell death. | 115 |
PTMs, posttranslational modifications; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; NO, nitric oxide; PCAF, p300/CBP-associated factor.