Regulatory mechanisms of gene expression and protein function of GAPDH
| Factors | mRNA level of GAPDH | GAPDH function |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin | Upregulating the mRNA level of GAPDH via IRE in GAPDH promoter | Enhancing glycolytic activity of GAPDH, inducing drug resistance, and protecting cells against CICD via PI3K/AKT pathway |
| HIF-1 | Upregulating the mRNA level of GAPDH via hypoxia response element in GAPDH promoter | Enhancing glycolysis and GAPDH participation in drug resistance and cell proliferation via PI3K/AKT pathway |
| P53 | Upregulating the mRNA level of GAPDH via an unclear mechanism | Enhancing GAPDH nuclear translocation and pro-apoptotic function, which is inhibited by AKT |
| NO | Upregulating the mRNA level of GAPDH via an unclear mechanism | Enhancing GAPDH nuclear translocation and pro-apoptotic function, which is inhibited by AKT |
| Acetylated histone | Downregulating the mRNA level of GAPDH via an unclear mechanism | Showing inconsistent effects on GAPDH cell fate that determines function via unclear mechanisms |
GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IRE, insulin response elements; CICD, caspase-independent cell death; NO, nitric oxide.