Effects of EA in different cancer cell lines or xenografted animals
| Cancer type | Cell line/animal | Effective concentration | Biological effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Breast cancer | Cell line: MDA-MB-231 | 2.5-20 μM | Inhibits cancer cell proliferation and migration by downregulating VEGF-induced angiogenesis, VEGF-2 tyrosine kinase activity and its downstream MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways | 15 |
| Animal: Female ACI rats | 400 ppm | Downregulates 17β estradiol by reducing 17β-hydroxysteroid dehyrdogenase and reduces mammary tumor incidence | 16 | |
| Osteogenic sarcoma | Cell line: ATCC CRL1343 | 4-100 µg/mL (IC50 =6.5 µg/mL) | Induces apoptosis by upregulating Bax and activating caspase-3 | 17 |
| Pancreatic cancer | Cell line: MIA PaCa-2, and PANC-1 | 10-50 mM | Stimulates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis associated with mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome C release, and downstream caspase activation | 18 |
| Ovarian carcinoma | Cell line: ES-2 and PA-1 | 10-100 μM | Elevates p53 and Cip1/p21, decreases cyclin D1 and E levels, and induces caspase-3-mediated apoptosis by increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio | 21 |
| Nasopharyng- eal carcinoma | Cell line: NPC-BM1 | 50-200 μM | Reduces cancer cell viability by increasing caspase-3 activity, downregulating Bcl-2, and decreasing telomerase activity | 22 |
| Lymphoma | Animal: Dalton’s Lymphoma bearing mice | 40-80 mg/kg body weight | Prevents cancer progression and increases life span of DL mice by downregulating the PKC signaling pathway and induces cancer cell death by blocking energy metabolism | 23,24 |
| Prostate cancer | Cell line: PLS10(rat) | 80-200 μM (IC50 =100 µM) | Inhibits invasive potential through action on the activity of proteases, such as collagenase/gelatinase and collagenase IV | 37 |