Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Flow chart of the study population. HEXA, Health Examinees Study; GC, gastric cancer.
Tables
- Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the HEXA-G study population included in the alcohol consumption analysis (n = 128,218)†
Characteristics Men (n = 42,152) P value* Women (n = 86,066) P value* Non-drinker (n = 8,968) Drinker (n = 33,184) Non-drinker (n = 58,825) Drinker (n = 27,241) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) Follow-up year (mean ± SD) 8.7 (2.0) 8.7 (2.0) 0.640 8.8 (2.1) 8.7 (2.1) <0.001 Age (mean ± SD) 55.0 (8.4) 52.7 (8.3) <0.001 53.4 (7.8) 49.6 (7.0) <0.001 Family history of GC 786 (8.8) 2,670 (8.1) 0.068 5,053 (8.6) 2,239 (8.2) 0.192 Education <0.001 <0.001 ≤Middle school 2,044 (22.8) 6,681 (20.1) 22,566 (38.4) 8,681 (31.9) High school diploma 3,525 (39.3) 13,728 (41.4) 24,264 (41.3) 12,764 (46.9) ≥College degree 3,251 (36.3) 12,369 (37.3) 11,148 (19.0) 5,490 (20.2) Married/cohabitation 8,401 (93.7) 31,147 (93.9) 0.005 51,203 (87.0) 23,337 (85.7) <0.001 Ever smokers‡ 4,887 (54.5) 25,566 (77.0) <0.001 1,146 (2.0) 1,882 (6.9) <0.001 Regular exercisers 4,165 (46.4) 13,936 (42.0) <0.001 29,319 (49.8) 12,777 (46.9) <0.001 BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD) 23.7 (4.5) 23.7 (1.1) <0.001 23.7 (2.5) 23.7 (4.1) <0.001 Total energy intake (kcal, mean ± SD) 563.7 (115.3) 1,871.0 (559.7) <0.001 1,700.36 (568.0) 1,736.64 (605.2) <0.001 HEXA-G, Health Examinees-Gem study; GC, gastric cancer; BMI, body mass index.
*Student’s t-test for continuous variables; chi-square test for categorical variables.
†Data for continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD); all other variables are presented as n (%).
‡Ever smokers is defined as lifetime smokers with ≥20 pack-years.
- Table 2
Associations between gastric cancer and alcohol consumption status, and the duration, frequency, and amount of ethanol consumed
Variables Men (n = 42,152) Variables Women (n = 86,066) n Person-years GC (%) HR† 95% CI n Person-years GC (%) HR† 95% CI Status Status Non-drinker 8,968 77,924 87 (1.0) 1.00 Ref Non-drinker 58,825 515,102 283 (0.5) 1.00 Ref Drinker 33,184 287,973 375 (1.1) 1.31 1.03 1.66 Drinker 27,241 235,840 102 (0.4) 1.00 0.79 1.26 Duration Duration Non-drinker 8,968 77,924 87 1.0 1.00 Ref Non-drinker 58,825 515,102 283 0.5 1.00 Ref ≤20 years 7,718 67,077 59 0.8 1.39 0.99 1.97 ≤10 years 3,448 31,250 15 0.4 1.12 0.66 1.89 >20 years 24,782 214,205 311 1.3 1.32 1.03 1.68 >10 years 22,331 189,090 82 0.4 1.01 0.78 1.30 P trend 0.03 P trend 0.93 Frequency Frequency Non-drinker 8,968 77,924 87 (1.0) 1.00 Ref Non-drinker 58,825 515,102 283 (0.5) 1.00 Ref ≤1 time/week 9,856 85,099 113 (1.2) 1.32 1.00 1.75 <1 time/week 7,467 63,972 27 (0.4) 0.94 0.63 1.39 2–3 times/week 11,148 96,494 111 (1.0) 1.19 0.89 1.58 1 time/week 11,746 101,817 47 (0.4) 1.09 0.80 1.50 4 times/week 7,056 60,619 78 (1.1) 1.35 0.99 1.85 ≥2 times/week 6,817 57,811 22 (0.3) 0.94 0.60 1.45 ≥5 times/week 4,194 36,152 64 (1.5) 1.62 1.17 2.25 P trend 0.41 P trend 0.02 Amount of ethanol‡ Amount of ethanol‡ Non-drinker 8,968 77,924 87 (1.0) 1.00 Ref Non-drinker 58,825 515,102 283 (0.5) 1.00 Ref <10 g/week 14,373 123,873 159 (1.1) 1.25 0.96 1.63 <10 g/week 7,990 68,661 32 (0.4) 1.00 0.69 1.44 10–30 g/week 10,315 89,243 118 (1.1) 1.37 1.03 1.83 10–20 g/week 8,972 77,883 36 (0.4) 1.09 0.77 1.56 >30 g/week 7,602 65,621 91 (1.2) 1.47 1.08 1.99 >20 g/week 9,086 77,215 28 (0.3) 0.92 0.62 1.37 P trend 0.03 P trend 0.49 Continuous, per 1 SD 1.00 1.00 1.00 Continuous, per 1 SD 0.87 0.65 1.17 GC, gastric cancer; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard drink.
†Adjusted for education, smoking status, marital status, family history of gastric cancer, exercise, BMI, and total energy intake.
‡Amount of ethanol refers to the amount of pure alcohol found in all alcohol beverages consumed by study participants, converted to grams per week.
Consumption pattern Frequency Amount of ethanol n Person-years GC (%) HR† 95% CI Non-drinker 8,968 77,924 87 (1.0) 0.78 0.61 0.99 Infrequent-light <5 times/week <40 g ethanol/day 25,884 223,795 282 (1.1) 1.00 Ref Infrequent-heavy <5 times/week ≥40 g ethanol/day 1,085 9,293 12 (1.1) 1.14 0.64 2.03 Frequent-light ≥5 times/week <40 g ethanol/day 1,959 16,689 35 (1.8) 1.46 1.02 2.07 Frequent-heavy ≥5 times/week ≥40 g ethanol/day 2,173 18,964 27 (1.2) 1.04 0.70 1.54 GC, gastric cancer; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
†Adjusted for education, smoking status, marital status, family history of gastric cancer, exercise, BMI, and total energy intake.
