Current cancer burden in China: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention

References

1. 1.↵
   2. Zheng R,
   3. Zhang S,
   4. Zeng H,
   5. Wang S,
   6. Sun K,
   7. Chen R, et al.

   Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2016. J Natl Cancer Center. 2022; 2: 1–9.

   OpenUrl
2. 2.↵
   2. Wei W,
   3. Zeng H,
   4. Zheng R,
   5. Zhang S,
   6. An L,
   7. Chen R, et al.

   Cancer registration in China and its role in cancer prevention and control. Lancet Oncol. 2020; 21: e342–9.

   OpenUrlPubMed
3. 3.↵
   2. Chen W,
   3. Zheng R,
   4. Baade PD,
   5. Zhang S,
   6. Zeng H,
   7. Bray F, et al.

   Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016; 66: 115–32.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Statistical Yearbook. [Cited 2022 April 5]. Available from: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/.
5. 5.↵
   2. Sun D,
   3. Li H,
   4. Cao M,
   5. He S,
   6. Lei L,
   7. Peng J, et al.

   Cancer burden in China: trends, risk factors and prevention. Cancer Biol Med. 2020; 17: 879–95.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
6. 6.↵
   2. Tong-hai L.

   Mortality and constitution of the top 10 of most common cancers in China. China Cancer. 2010; 19: 801–2.

   OpenUrl
7. 7.↵
   2. Zeng H,
   3. Chen W,
   4. Zheng R,
   5. Zhang S,
   6. Ji JS,
   7. Zou X, et al.

   Changing cancer survival in China during 2003-15: a pooled analysis of 17 population-based cancer registries. Lancet Glob Health. 2018; 6: e555–67.

   OpenUrl
8. 8.↵
   2. Cao M,
   3. Ding C,
   4. Xia C,
   5. Li H,
   6. Sun D,
   7. He S, et al.

   Attributable deaths of liver cancer in China. Chin J Cancer Res. 2021; 33: 480–9.

   OpenUrl
9. 9.↵
   2. Liu Y,
   3. Chang CC,
   4. Marsh GM,
   5. Wu F.

   Population attributable risk of aflatoxin-related liver cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2012; 48: 2125–36.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
10. 10.↵
    2. Yang JY,
    3. Kim JB,
    4. Lee P,
    5. Kim SH.

    Evodiamine Inhibits Helicobacter pylori Growth and Helicobacter pylori-Induced Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22: 3385.

    OpenUrl
11. 11.↵
    2. Yang L,
    3. Kartsonaki C,
    4. Yao P,
    5. de Martel C,
    6. Plummer M,
    7. Chapman D, et al.

    The relative and attributable risks of cardia and non-cardia gastric cancer associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in China: a case-cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2021; 6: e888–96.

    OpenUrlPubMed
12. 12.↵
    2. Nagy P,
    3. Johansson S,
    4. Molloy-Bland M.

    Systematic review of time trends in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in China and the USA. Gut Pathog. 2016; 8: 8.

    OpenUrlPubMed
13. 13.↵
    2. Li M,
    3. Sun Y,
    4. Yang J,
    5. de Martel C,
    6. Charvat H,
    7. Clifford GM, et al.

    Time trends and other sources of variation in Helicobacter pylori infection in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2020; 25: e12729.
14. 14.↵
    2. Chelimo C,
    3. Wouldes TA,
    4. Cameron LD,
    5. Elwood JM.

    Risk factors for and prevention of human papillomaviruses (HPV), genital warts and cervical cancer. J Infect. 2013; 66: 207–17.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. 15.↵
    2. Zhu B,
    3. Liu Y,
    4. Zuo T,
    5. Cui X,
    6. Li M,
    7. Zhang J, et al.

    The prevalence, trends, and geographical distribution of human papillomavirus infection in China: the pooled analysis of 1.7 million women. Cancer Med. 2019; 8: 5373–85.

    OpenUrl
16. 16.↵
    2. Chen W,
    3. Xia C,
    4. Zheng R,
    5. Zhou M,
    6. Lin C,
    7. Zeng H, et al.

    Disparities by province, age, and sex in site-specific cancer burden attributable to 23 potentially modifiable risk factors in China: a comparative risk assessment. Lancet Glob Health. 2019; 7: e257–69.

    OpenUrl
17. 17.↵
    2. Hübbers CU,
    3. Akgül B.

    HPV and cancer of the oral cavity. Virulence. 2015; 6: 244–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
18. 18.
    2. Smola S.

    Immunopathogenesis of HPV-associated cancers and prospects for immunotherapy. Viruses. 2017; 9: 254.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
19. 19.↵
    2. Dogantemur S,
    3. Ozdemir S,
    4. Uguz A,
    5. Surmelioglu O,
    6. Dagkiran M,
    7. Tarkan O, et al.

    Assessment of HPV 16, HPV 18, p16 expression in advanced stage laryngeal cancer patients and prognostic significance. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2020; 86: 351–7.

    OpenUrl
20. 20.↵
    2. de Martel C,
    3. Georges D,
    4. Bray F,
    5. Ferlay J,
    6. Clifford GM.

    Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2020; 8: e180–90.

    OpenUrl
21. 21.↵
    National Cancer Institute. Alcohol and Cancer Risk. [Cited 2022 April 10]. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/alcohol/alcohol-fact-sheet.
22. 22.↵
    World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health (2018). [Cited 2022 April 10]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565639.
23. 23.↵
    2. He F,
    3. Sha Y,
    4. Wang B.

    Relationship between alcohol consumption and the risks of liver cancer, esophageal cancer, and gastric cancer in China: meta-analysis based on case-control studies. Medicine. 2021; 100: e26982.
24. 24.↵
    2. Li N,
    3. Deng Y,
    4. Zhou L,
    5. Tian T,
    6. Yang S,
    7. Wu Y, et al.

    Global burden of breast cancer and attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. J Hematol Oncol. 2019; 12: 140.

    OpenUrlPubMed
25. 25.↵
    2. Praud D,
    3. Rota M,
    4. Rehm J,
    5. Shield K,
    6. Zatoński W,
    7. Hashibe M, et al.

    Cancer incidence and mortality attributable to alcohol consumption. Int J Cancer. 2016; 138: 1380–7.

    OpenUrlPubMed
26. 26.↵
    GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2018; 392: 1015–35.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
27. 27.↵
    2. Hansen MS,
    3. Licaj I,
    4. Braaten T,
    5. Lund E,
    6. Gram IT.

    The fraction of lung cancer attributable to smoking in the Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) Study. Br J Cancer. 2021; 124: 658–62.

    OpenUrl
28. 28.↵
    2. Weber MF,
    3. Sarich PEA,
    4. Vaneckova P,
    5. Wade S,
    6. Egger S,
    7. Ngo P, et al.

    Cancer incidence and cancer death in relation to tobacco smoking in a population-based Australian cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2021; 149: 1076–88.

    OpenUrlPubMed
29. 29.↵
    2. Pang Q,
    3. Qu K,
    4. Zhang J,
    5. Xu X,
    6. Liu S,
    7. Song S, et al.

    Cigarette smoking increases the risk of mortality from liver cancer: a clinical-based cohort and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015; 30: 1450–60.

    OpenUrl
30. 30.↵
    2. Hecht SS,
    3. Hatsukami DK.

    Smokeless tobacco and cigarette smoking: chemical mechanisms and cancer prevention. Nat Rev Cancer. 2022; 22: 143–55.

    OpenUrl
31. 31.↵
    2. Chen Z-M,
    3. Peto R,
    4. Iona A,
    5. Guo Y,
    6. Chen Y-P,
    7. Bian Z, et al.

    Emerging tobacco-related cancer risks in China: a nationwide, prospective study of 0.5 million adults. Cancer. 2015; 121: 3097–106.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
32. 32.↵
    2. Ansary-Moghaddam A,
    3. Huxley R,
    4. Barzi F,
    5. Lawes C,
    6. Ohkubo T,
    7. Fang X, et al.

    The effect of modifiable risk factors on pancreatic cancer mortality in populations of the Asia-Pacific region. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15: 2435–40.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
33. 33.
    2. McLaughlin JK,
    3. Lindblad P,
    4. Mellemgaard A,
    5. McCredie M,
    6. Mandel JS,
    7. Schlehofer B, et al.

    International renal-cell cancer study. I. Tobacco use. Int J Cancer. 1995; 60: 194–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
34. 34.↵
    2. Praud D,
    3. Rota M,
    4. Pelucchi C,
    5. Bertuccio P,
    6. Rosso T,
    7. Galeone C, et al.

    Cigarette smoking and gastric cancer in the Stomach Cancer Pooling (StoP) Project. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2018; 27: 124–33.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
35. 35.↵
    2. Besaratinia A,
    3. Pfeifer GP.

    Second-hand smoke and human lung cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2008; 9: 657–66.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
36. 36.↵
    2. Ni X,
    3. Xu N,
    4. Wang Q.

    Meta-analysis and systematic review in environmental tobacco smoke risk of female lung cancer by research type. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018; 15: 1348.

    OpenUrl
37. 37.
    2. Hackshaw AK,
    3. Law MR,
    4. Wald NJ.

    The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke. BMJ. 1997; 315: 980–8.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
38. 38.
    2. Ding Y,
    3. Yu C,
    4. Han Z,
    5. Xu S,
    6. Li D,
    7. Meng X, et al.

    Environmental tobacco smoke and pancreatic cancer: a case-control study. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015; 8: 16729–32.

    OpenUrl
39. 39.↵
    2. Chang ET,
    3. Liu Z,
    4. Hildesheim A,
    5. Liu Q,
    6. Cai Y,
    7. Zhang Z, et al.

    Active and passive smoking and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a population-based case-control study in Southern China. Am J Epidemiol. 2017; 185: 1272–80.

    OpenUrl
40. 40.↵
    World Health Organization. Tobacco in China. [Cited 2022 April 5]. Available from: https://www.who.int/china/health-topics/tobacco.
41. 41.↵
    2. Wang C.

    An advanced coursebook of tobacco medicine. Peking Union Medial College Press. 2021:35–6.
42. 42.↵
    2. Wang M,
    3. Luo X,
    4. Xu S,
    5. Liu W,
    6. Ding F,
    7. Zhang X, et al.

    Trends in smoking prevalence and implication for chronic diseases in China: serial national cross-sectional surveys from 2003 to 2013. Lancet Respir Med. 2019; 7: 35–45.

    OpenUrl
43. 43.↵
    2. Chlebowski RT,
    3. Aragaki AK,
    4. Anderson GL,
    5. Pan K,
    6. Neuhouser ML,
    7. Manson JE, et al.

    Dietary modification and breast cancer mortality: long-term follow-up of the women’s health initiative randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020; 38: 1419–28.

    OpenUrl
44. 44.↵
    2. Aune D,
    3. Giovannucci E,
    4. Boffetta P,
    5. Fadnes LT,
    6. Keum N,
    7. Norat T, et al.

    Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality-a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2017; 46: 1029–56.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
45. 45.↵
    2. Anderson JJ,
    3. Darwis NDM,
    4. Mackay DF,
    5. Celis-Morales CA,
    6. Lyall DM,
    7. Sattar N, et al.

    Red and processed meat consumption and breast cancer: UK Biobank cohort study and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2018; 90: 73–82.

    OpenUrlPubMed
46. 46.↵
    2. Sofi F,
    3. Cesari F,
    4. Abbate R,
    5. Gensini GF,
    6. Casini A.

    Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2008; 337: a1344.
47. 47.↵
    2. Tantamango-Bartley Y,
    3. Jaceldo-Siegl K,
    4. Fan J,
    5. Fraser G.

    Vegetarian diets and the incidence of cancer in a low-risk population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013; 22: 286–94.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
48. 48.↵
    2. Liu X,
    3. Baecker A,
    4. Wu M,
    5. Zhou JY,
    6. Yang J,
    7. Han RQ, et al.

    Raw garlic consumption and risk of liver cancer: a population-based case-control study in Eastern China. Nutrients. 2019; 11: 2038.

    OpenUrl
49. 49.↵
    2. Ji X,
    3. Wang J,
    4. Li Z,
    5. Shen Q,
    6. Tuo J,
    7. Bi J, et al.

    Dietary fat intake and liver cancer risk: a prospective cohort study in Chinese women. Cancer Biol Med. 2021; 19: 370–83.

    OpenUrl
50. 50.↵
    2. Chen JG,
    3. Zhang SW.

    Liver cancer epidemic in China: past, present and future. Semin Cancer Biol. 2011; 21: 59–69.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
51. 51.↵
    2. Strumylaite L,
    3. Zickute J,
    4. Dudzevicius J,
    5. Dregval L.

    Salt-preserved foods and risk of gastric cancer. Medicina (Kaunas). 2006; 42: 164–70.

    OpenUrlPubMed
52. 52.↵
    2. Ge S,
    3. Feng X,
    4. Shen L,
    5. Wei Z,
    6. Zhu Q,
    7. Sun J.

    Association between habitual dietary salt intake and risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review of observational studies. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012; 2012: 808120.
53. 53.↵
    2. Diallo A,
    3. Deschasaux M,
    4. Latino-Martel P,
    5. Hercberg S,
    6. Galan P,
    7. Fassier P, et al.

    Red and processed meat intake and cancer risk: results from the prospective NutriNet-Santé cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2018; 142: 230–7.

    OpenUrlPubMed
54. 54.↵
    2. Szymañska K,
    3. Chen JG,
    4. Cui Y,
    5. Gong YY,
    6. Turner PC,
    7. Villar SP, et al.

    TP53 R249S mutations, exposure to aflatoxin, and occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort of chronic hepatitis B virus carriers from Qidong, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009; 18: 1638–43.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
55. 55.↵
    2. Secretan B,
    3. Straif K,
    4. Baan R,
    5. Grosse Y,
    6. El Ghissassi F,
    7. Bouvard V, et al.

    A review of human carcinogens – Part E: tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, coal smoke, and salted fish. Lancet Oncol. 2009; 10: 1033–4.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
56. 56.↵
    2. Barrett D,
    3. Ploner A,
    4. Chang ET,
    5. Liu Z,
    6. Zhang CX,
    7. Liu Q, et al.

    Past and recent salted fish and preserved food intakes are weakly associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk in adults in Southern China. J Nutr. 2019; 149: 1596–605.

    OpenUrl
57. 57.↵
    2. Key TJ,
    3. Bradbury KE,
    4. Perez-Cornago A,
    5. Sinha R,
    6. Tsilidis KK,
    7. Tsugane S.

    Diet, nutrition, and cancer risk: what do we know and what is the way forward? BMJ. 2020; 368: m511.
58. 58.↵
    2. Murray JM,
    3. Coleman HG,
    4. Hunter RF.

    Physical activity and cancer risk: Findings from the UK Biobank, a large prospective cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol. 2020; 68: 101780.
59. 59.↵
    2. Hardman AE.

    Physical activity and cancer risk. Proc Nutr Soc. 2001; 60: 107–13.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
60. 60.↵
    2. Keimling M,
    3. Behrens G,
    4. Schmid D,
    5. Jochem C,
    6. Leitzmann MF.

    The association between physical activity and bladder cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2014; 110: 1862–70.

    OpenUrlPubMed
61. 61.↵
    2. Pronk A,
    3. Ji BT,
    4. Shu XO,
    5. Chow WH,
    6. Xue S,
    7. Yang G, et al.

    Physical activity and breast cancer risk in Chinese women. Br J Cancer. 2011; 105: 1443–50.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
62. 62.↵
    2. Lee AH,
    3. Su D,
    4. Pasalich M,
    5. Wong YL,
    6. Binns CW.

    Habitual physical activity reduces risk of ovarian cancer: a case-control study in southern China. Prev Med. 2013; 57 Suppl: S31–3.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
63. 63.↵
    2. Reulen RC,
    3. de Vogel S,
    4. Zhong W,
    5. Zhong Z,
    6. Xie LP,
    7. Hu Z, et al.

    Physical activity and risk of prostate and bladder cancer in China: The South and East China case-control study on prostate and bladder cancer. PLoS One. 2017; 12: e0178613.
64. 64.↵
    2. Gu M-J,
    3. Huang Q-C,
    4. Bao C-Z,
    5. Li Y-J,
    6. Li X-Q,
    7. Ye D, et al.

    Attributable causes of colorectal cancer in China. BMC Cancer. 2018; 18: 38.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
65. 65.↵
    2. Biller VS,
    3. Leitzmann MF,
    4. Sedlmeier AM,
    5. Berger FF,
    6. Ortmann O,
    7. Jochem C.

    Sedentary behaviour in relation to ovarian cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021; 36: 769–80.

    OpenUrl
66. 66.↵
    2. Guthold R,
    3. Stevens GA,
    4. Riley LM,
    5. Bull FC.

    Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020; 4: 23–35.

    OpenUrlPubMed
67. 67.↵
    2. Ellulu MS,
    3. Patimah I,
    4. Khaza’ai H,
    5. Rahmat A,
    6. Abed Y.

    Obesity and inflammation: the linking mechanism and the complications. Arch Med Sci. 2017; 13: 851–63.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
68. 68.↵
    2. Avgerinos KI,
    3. Spyrou N,
    4. Mantzoros CS,
    5. Dalamaga M.

    Obesity and cancer risk: emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives. Metabolism. 2019; 92: 121–35.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
69. 69.↵
    2. De Pergola G,
    3. Silvestris F.

    Obesity as a major risk factor for cancer. J Obes. 2013; 2013: 291546.
70. 70.↵
    2. Liu Y,
    3. Warren Andersen S,
    4. Wen W,
    5. Gao YT,
    6. Lan Q,
    7. Rothman N, et al.

    Prospective cohort study of general and central obesity, weight change trajectory and risk of major cancers among Chinese women. Int J Cancer. 2016; 139: 1461–70.

    OpenUrl
71. 71.↵
    2. Chen Y,
    3. Liu L,
    4. Wang X,
    5. Wang J,
    6. Yan Z,
    7. Cheng J, et al.

    Body mass index and risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of a population with more than ten million from 24 prospective studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013; 22: 1395.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
72. 72.↵
    2. Sohn W,
    3. Lee HW,
    4. Lee S,
    5. Lim JH,
    6. Lee MW,
    7. Park CH, et al.

    Obesity and the risk of primary liver cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2021; 27: 157–74.

    OpenUrl
73. 73.↵
    2. Ren X,
    3. Zhang X,
    4. Zhang X,
    5. Gu W,
    6. Chen K,
    7. Le Y, et al.

    Type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with increased risk for colorectal cancer: evidence from an international ecological study and population-based risk analysis in China. Public Health. 2009; 123: 540–4.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
74. 74.↵
    2. Pan XF,
    3. Wang L,
    4. Pan A.

    Epidemiology and determinants of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021; 9: 373–92.

    OpenUrl
75. 75.↵
    2. Wang Y,
    3. Zhao L,
    4. Gao L,
    5. Pan A,
    6. Xue H.

    Health policy and public health implications of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021; 9: 446–61.

    OpenUrl
76. 76.↵
    National Office for Cancer Prevention and Control. National Cancer Control and Prevention Plan (1986–2000). China Cancer. 1985; 9: 336–7.

    OpenUrl
77. 77.↵
    2. Chen X-Z,
    3. Liu Y,
    4. Wang R,
    5. Zhang W-H,
    6. Hu J-K.

    Improvement of cancer control in mainland China: epidemiological profiles during the 2004–10 National Cancer Prevention and Control Program. Lancet. 2016; 388: S40.

    OpenUrl
78. 78.↵
    Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. China National Plan for NCD Prevention and Treatment (2012-2015). [Cited 2022 April 5]. Available from: https://www.chinacdc.cn/en/ne/201207/t20120725_64430.html.
79. 79.↵
    Bureau for Cancer Prevention and Control. China’s Cancer Prevention and Treatment Three-Year Action Plan (2015-2017). [Cited 2022 April 5]. Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s5878/201509/656437bc5c7e4cd0afb581de85be998a.shtml.
80. 80.↵
    The Central Government of the People’s Republic of China. Healthy China 2030. [Cited 2022 April 5]. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-10/25/content_5124174.htm.
81. 81.↵
    Bureau of Cancer Prevention and Control. Healthy China Action Plan (2019-2022). [Cited 2022 April 5]. Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s5878/201909/2cb5dfb5d4f84f8881897e232b376b60.shtml.
82. 82.↵
    2. Qu C,
    3. Chen T,
    4. Fan C,
    5. Zhan Q,
    6. Wang Y,
    7. Lu J, et al.

    Efficacy of neonatal HBV vaccination on liver cancer and other liver diseases over 30-year follow-up of the Qidong hepatitis B intervention study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2014; 11: e1001774.
83. 83.↵
    2. Cao M,
    3. Fan J,
    4. Lu L,
    5. Fan C,
    6. Wang Y,
    7. Chen T, et al.

    Long term outcome of prevention of liver cancer by hepatitis B vaccine: Results from an RCT with 37 years. Cancer Lett. 2022; 536: 215652.
84. 84.↵
    2. Liang X,
    3. Bi S,
    4. Yang W,
    5. Wang L,
    6. Cui G,
    7. Cui F, et al.

    Epidemiological serosurvey of hepatitis B in China – declining HBV prevalence due to hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine. 2009; 27: 6550–7.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
85. 85.↵
    2. Liao X,
    3. Liang Z.

    Strategy vaccination against Hepatitis B in China. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015; 11: 1534–9.

    OpenUrl
86. 86.↵
    Bureau for Cancer Prevention and Control. Great Achievements for the Contol of Hepatitis B. [Cited 2022 April 5]. Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s3582/201307/518216575e544109b2caca07fca3b430.shtml.
87. 87.↵
    2. Ribassin-Majed L,
    3. Lounes R,
    4. Clémençon S.

    Efficacy of vaccination against HPV infections to prevent cervical cancer in France: present assessment and pathways to improve vaccination policies. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e32251.
88. 88.↵
    2. Brisson M,
    3. Kim JJ,
    4. Canfell K,
    5. Drolet M,
    6. Gingras G,
    7. Burger EA, et al.

    Impact of HPV vaccination and cervical screening on cervical cancer elimination: a comparative modelling analysis in 78 low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Lancet. 2020; 395: 575–90.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
89. 89.↵
    ECNS.cn. China’s first domestic HPV vaccine earns WHO prequalification. [Cited 2022 April 15]. Available from: http://www.ecns.cn/news/2021-10-18/detail-ihasacat0472343.shtml.
90. 90.↵
    2. Liu Y,
    3. Di N,
    4. Tao X.

    Knowledge, practice and attitude towards HPV vaccination among college students in Beijing, China. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020; 16: 116–23.

    OpenUrl
91. 91.↵
    2. Ji M,
    3. Huang Z,
    4. Ren J,
    5. Sun X,
    6. Wagner AL.

    Chinese vaccine providers’ perspectives on the HPV vaccine. Glob Pediatr Health. 2020; 7: 2333794X20967592.
92. 92.↵
    2. Yin Y.

    HPV vaccination in China needs to be more cost-effective. Lancet. 2017; 390: 1735–6.

    OpenUrl
93. 93.↵
    China Anti-Cancer Association. National Cancer Week. [Cited 2022 June 10]. Available from: http://www.caca.org.cn/system/2020/03/27/020025350.shtml.
94. 94.↵
    The Central Government of China. Healthy China Action (2019-2030). [Cited 2022 April 5]. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-07/15/content_5409694.htm.
95. 95.↵
    2. Ding S-Z,
    3. Du Y-Q,
    4. Lu H,
    5. Wang W-H,
    6. Cheng H,
    7. Chen S-Y, et al.

    Chinese consensus report on family-based Helicobacter pylori infection control and management (2021 Edition). Gut. 2022; 71: 238–53.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
96. 96.↵
    2. Peleteiro B,
    3. Lopes C,
    4. Figueiredo C,
    5. Lunet N.

    Salt intake and gastric cancer risk according to Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, tumour site and histological type. Br J Cancer. 2011; 104: 198–207.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
97. 97.↵
    2. Cappuccio FP,
    3. Capewell S,
    4. Lincoln P,
    5. McPherson K.

    Policy options to reduce population salt intake. BMJ. 2011; 343: d4995.
98. 98.↵
    2. Zhang N,
    3. Ma G.

    Childhood obesity in China: trends, risk factors, policies and actions. Global Health J. 2018; 2: 1–13.

    OpenUrl
99. 99.↵
    People’s Republic of China. Report on Chinese Residents’ Chronic Diseases and Nutrition 2020. [Cited 2022 April 7]. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-12/24/content_5572983.htm.
100. 100.↵
     National Cancer Center. Chinese Guideline for Cancer Registration: People’s Medical Publishing House; 2016.
101. 101.↵
     2. Aberle DR,
     3. Adams AM,
     4. Berg CD,
     5. Black WC,
     6. Clapp JD,
     7. Fagerstrom RM, et al.

     Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 395–409.

     OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
102. 102.
     2. Duffy SW,
     3. Vulkan D,
     4. Cuckle H,
     5. Parmar D,
     6. Sheikh S,
     7. Smith RA, et al.

     Effect of mammographic screening from age 40 years on breast cancer mortality (UK Age trial): final results of a randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020; 21: 1165–72.

     OpenUrl
103. 103.↵
     2. Ding R,
     3. Xiao Y,
     4. Mo M,
     5. Zheng Y,
     6. Jiang Y-Z,
     7. Shao Z-M.

     Breast cancer screening and early diagnosis in Chinese women. Cancer Biol Med. 2022; 19: 450–67.

     OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
104. 104.↵
     2. Cao M,
     3. Li H,
     4. Sun D,
     5. He S,
     6. Yu Y,
     7. Li J, et al.

     Cancer screening in China: The current status, challenges, and suggestions. Cancer Lett. 2021; 506: 120–7.

     OpenUrl
105. 105.↵
     Bureau for Maternal and Child Helath. Report on China’s development of maternal and child health (2019). [Cited 2022 April 5]. Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/fys/s7901/201905/bbd8e2134a7e47958c5c9ef032e1dfa2.shtml.
106. 106.↵
     National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Response to the Question suggested by the Second Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference. [Cited 2022 April 5]. Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/tia/202009/6c18078d53e847b3afc50f412cd5df93.shtml.
107. 107.↵
     Tianjin Municipal People’s Government. The interim data of the joint screening project for common malignant tumors. [Cited 2022 April 5]. Available from: http://www.tj.gov.cn/sy/tjxw/202108/t20210806_5526832.html.
108. 108.↵
     The People’s Government of Zhejiang Province. Notice of the implementation plan of the “three exemptions and three benefits” health action for urban and rural residents in Zhejiang Province. [Cited 2022 April 5]. Available from: http://www.zj.gov.cn/art/2021/11/26/art_1229530772_2376859.html.
109. 109.↵
     National Helath Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Response to the Question suggested by The Fourth Session of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference. [Cited 2022 April 8]. Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/tia/202201/84ec994244ff4b1883c9556712c1a608.shtml.
110. 110.↵
     National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Response to Recommendation No. 8901 of the Fourth Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress 2021. [Cited 2022 April 8]. Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/jiany/202112/0c05b5bc81cc4786975384fdb44cf7a4.shtml.
111. 111.↵
     2. Sun Y,
     3. Zhu Z,
     4. Zhang J,
     5. Han P,
     6. Qi Y,
     7. Wang X, et al.

     Impacts of national drug price negotiation on expenditure, volume, and availability of targeted anti-cancer drugs in China: an interrupted time series analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19: 4578.

     OpenUrl
112. 112.↵
     The Central Government of the People’s Republic of China. 74 drugs to be added to national insurance list. [Cited 2022 June 8]. Available from: http://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/ministries/202112/07/content_WS61aeb805c6d09c94e48a1cbd.html.
113. 113.↵
     The Central Government of the People’s Republic of China. Reimbursement ratio for major disease increased to 60%. [Cited 2022 June 8]. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-05/12/content_5390775.htm.
114. 114.↵
     National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Chinese Society of Digestive Endoscopology, Chinese Society of Health Management, Chinese Digestive Endoscopist Committee of Chinese Endoscopist Association, Health Management and Physical Examination Committee of Digestive Endoscopy of Chinese Endoscopist Association, National Quality Control Center for Digestive Endoscopy, Society of Oncological Endoscopy of China, et al. China experts consensus on the protocol of early gastric cancer screening (2017, Shanghai). Chin J Dig Endosc. 2018; 35: 77–83.

     OpenUrl
115. 115.↵
     General Office of National Health Commission. Standard for diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer (2022 edition). J Clin Hepatol. 2022; 38: 288–303.

     OpenUrl
116. 116.↵
     2. Luo H,
     3. Zhao Q,
     4. Wei W,
     5. Zheng L,
     6. Yi S,
     7. Li G, et al.

     Circulating tumor DNA methylation profiles enable early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and screening for colorectal cancer. Sci Transl Med. 2020; 12: eaax7533.