Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and has high heterogeneity. Approximately 30%–50% of patients develop relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease, which remains a major cause of mortality1–3. In recent years, a variety of novel therapies have emerged, including bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs), antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), and selective BTK inhibitors, which have provided effective treatment strategies for patients with DLBCL1,4. Recently, the 58th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) was held in Chicago, presenting cutting-edge studies in DLBCL. Here, we discuss a selection of interesting data on this topic.
Bispecific antibodies
BiTEs are bispecific antibodies designed to target both CD3 and tumor-specific antigens, which induce T-cell activity and promote tumor cell death5. Bispecific antibodies have the potential to revolutionize DLBCL therapy.
Glofitamab is a novel BiTE that exerts anti-tumor effects by binding both CD20 on B-cells and CD3ɛ on T-cells in a 2:1 configuration6,7. The results of a pivotal phase II extension study of glofitamab in patients with R/R DLBCL were orally presented by Australian researchers8. At a median follow-up of 12.6 months, 155 patients with DLBCL who had received at least 2 prior lines of therapy were included in the study. The objective response rate (ORR) and complete response rate (CRR) were 51.6% and 39.4%, respectively. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.9 months, and the median duration of response was 18.4 months. Although cytokine release syndrome (CRS) occurred in 63% of patients, only 3.9% experienced grade 3 or higher effects.
Epcoritamab (Epco), another BiTE antibody targeting CD3/CD20, achieved an ORR of 68% and a CRR of 45% for R/R DLBCL in a previous study9. At the ASCO meeting, Falchi et al.10 reported an ORR of 96% and CRR of 68% for Epco + R-CHOP in 33 patients with untreated high-risk DLBCL. Other 2 phase 1/2 studies focused on patients with R/R DLBCL treated with Epco+GemOx and Epco+R-DHAX/C. The ORR values were 92% and 83%, and the CRR values were 60% and 61%, respectively11,12. All studies showed manageable safety. BiTEs showed promising efficacy not only in untreated patients but also in heavily pretreated patients, including those with prior exposure to CAR-T cells and/or with highly refractory DLBCL. Further studies focusing on BiTEs are proceeding in multiple countries, and BiTEs may become a new treatment option for DLBCL patients. Because BCL2 and TP53 mutations have been shown to be associated with poor prognosis in patients with DLBCL with R-CHOP treatment, BiTE therapy has high potential for those patients3.
ADCs
ADCs contain a monoclonal antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic drug via a chemical linker. ADCs can selectively deliver cytotoxic drugs directly to target cancer cells13. Polatuzumab vedotin (Pola) is a CD79b-targeted ADC delivering the microtubule inhibitor monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). Pola has shown promising efficacy for R/R DLBCL as monotherapy or combined with an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody-containing regimen, thus resulting in ORRs of 13%–56%14–16. However, the CRRs have been unsatisfactory (0%–15%), thus prompting combination treatment with additional agents14–16. At the ASCO meeting, Lynch et al.17 presented preliminary results from an investigator-initiated trial for upfront treatment of aggressive B-cell NHLs. In this study, 18 patients received 6 cycles of Pola with dose-adjusted etoposide, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and rituximab (Pola-DA-EPCH-R). The ORR was 88%, and the CRR was 24%17. However, 5 severe adverse events were observed, including one grade 5 sepsis/typhlitis, 3 febrile neutropenia, and one grade 3 perforated colonic diverticula. Other grade 3 adverse events (AEs) included hyperglycemia, oral mucositis, asymptomatic pulmonary embolism, abdominal pain, and hypokalemia17. These findings are similar to those for other Pola combination regimens presented at the annual meeting. Polatuzumab has shown favorable efficacy in patients with primary and R/R DLBCL. However, the increase in treatment-associated AEs may limit its clinical application16,18.
CAR-T therapy
CAR-T therapy has changed the therapeutic landscape for several hematological malignancies with promising efficacy19. Axicabtagene ciloleucel, tisagenlecleucel, and lisoctagene maraleucel are autologous CAR-T-cell products targeting CD19, which have been approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with DLBCL who have relapsed or have failed ≥2 line regimens, according to the JULIET, ZUMA-1, and TRANSCEND studies20–23. Patients with heavily pretreated DLBCL receiving CAR-T therapy have a median PFS of 5.9-6.8 months and a median overall survival (OS) of 11.1–21.1 months. The best ORRs of patients in these studies were approximately 52%–74%, and the CRRs were 40%–54%. The incidence of grade 3/4 CRS in the JULIET, ZUMA-1, and TRANSCEND studies was 10%, 22%, and 2%, respectively20–23. The results of these studies suggest the efficacy and safety of CAR-T cells as a therapeutic option for patients with R/R B-cell lymphoma. However, severe life-threatening toxicity, modest antitumor activity, antigen escape, and limited trafficking and tumor infiltration have restricted the clinical use of CAR-T therapy24. In a phase 1 study presented by US researchers at the 2022 ASCO Annual Meeting, anti-CD20 CAR-engineered allogeneic gamma delta (γδ) T cells (ADI-001) were used to treat patients with R/R B-cell lymphoma25. ADI-001 cells’ expression of histocompatibility complex independent γδ T-cell receptors enables them to directly recognize and bind tumor cell surface antigens, thus complementing CAR targeting while decreasing the risk of graft-vs.-host disease and the incidence of other AEs. In the 6 evaluable patients, the ORR was 67%, and all patients achieved complete remission after 28 days of follow-up. The AEs of special interest (SIAEs) were grade 1/2 CRS in 2 patients and grade 1 immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome in 1 patient. Allogeneic CAR-T-cell therapy demonstrated promising efficacy and was well tolerated in patients with R/R DLBCL. Moreover, the development of allogeneic CAR T cells could potentially decrease the cost and increase access to this class of therapeutics26.
The RELIANCE study is a multicenter phase 2 trial of relmacabtagene autoleucel (relma-cel), an autologous CAR-T-cell product targeting CD19, in Chinese patients with R/R large B-cell lymphoma. At the 2022 ASCO Annual Meeting, Ying et al.27 presented the results of a 2-year follow-up of relma-cel in R/R DLBCL. Among 58 efficacy-evaluable patients, the best ORR and CRR were 77.6% and 53.5%, respectively. The 2-year PFS, duration of response, and OS rates were 38.3%, 38.1%, and 69.0%, respectively. The incidence of grade 3 or higher AEs was 72.9%, and hematological toxicity was the most common AE27.
Currently, CAR-T-cell therapy has significantly improved the prognosis of patients with R/R B-cell lymphoma, thus providing a new treatment strategy for patients unable to receive hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and whose disease progresses after multiple lines of therapy. Han et al.28 have developed a novel method to generate sufficient CAR-T cells from limited peripheral blood to treat B-cell malignancies, thereby providing an alternative to the traditional CAR-T cell generation method. However, limited sample sizes in clinical studies and severe toxicity remain barriers to developing effective CAR-T-cell therapies. More evidence is needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CAR-T-cell therapy29.
Monoclonal antibodies
Targeting CD27 with monoclonal antibodies provides co-stimulation of immune cell activity30. Varlilumab is a novel agonist immunoglobulin G1 anti-CD27 antibody that mediates antitumor immunity and targets CD27, which is expressed on nearly all mature B-cell lymphomas31. Varlilumab has been demonstrated to cause T-cell activation and to demonstrate anti-tumor activity in preclinical models30,32. At the 2022 ASCO Annual Meeting, Villasboas presented the results of the DIAL study (NCI 10089), a randomized phase 2 trial of varlilumab combined with nivolumab in patients with R/R aggressive B-cell NHL33. A total of 53 patients enrolled in the study received nivolumab, either alone (group 1, n = 27) or combined with varlilumab (group 2, n = 26). The ORR, median OS, and PFS did not statistically differ between arms. AEs of grade 3 and above were observed in 8 (33.3%) and 7 (30.4%) patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Dual immunomodulatory therapy did not enhance anti-tumor activity in patients with aggressive B-NHL over that with nivolumab alone.
Conclusion
The treatment modes for lymphoma are changing rapidly. Novel chemotherapy-free approaches, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, may lead to improved outcomes for patients with DLBCL and other B-cell lymphoma histologies. The results from the 2022 ASCO Annual Meeting indicated more possibilities for the treatment of lymphoma to provide patients with more therapeutic options.
Grant support
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82070206) and Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project (Grant No. TJYXZDXK-053B).
Conflict of interest statement
No potential conflicts of interest are disclosed.
- Received July 11, 2022.
- Accepted August 1, 2022.
- Copyright: © 2022, Cancer Biology & Medicine
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