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Fruits and plants Total EA Reference Bananas 2* 6,7 Pear 4* 6,7 Tangerine 4* 6,7 Pineapples 6* 6,7 Plum 7* 6,7 Strawberry 31-78* 6-9 Pecan nut 33* 8 Walnut 59* 8 Raspberry >150* 7,9 Cloudberry >160* 7,9 Arctic Bramble >160* 7,9 Strawberry cultivar 6-34.1** 10 Pongamia pinnata 1.5* (bark) 11 0.1* (leaves) 0.4* (seeds) Geraniaceae 397* 12 Muscadine grape cultivars 587-1900* (skin) 13 *, mg/100 g dry weight; **, mg/100 g frozen weight.
Cancer type Cell line/animal Effective concentration Biological effects Reference Breast cancer Cell line: MDA-MB-231 2.5-20 μM Inhibits cancer cell proliferation and migration by downregulating VEGF-induced angiogenesis, VEGF-2 tyrosine kinase activity and its downstream MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways 15 Animal: Female ACI rats 400 ppm Downregulates 17β estradiol by reducing 17β-hydroxysteroid dehyrdogenase and reduces mammary tumor incidence 16 Osteogenic sarcoma Cell line: ATCC CRL1343 4-100 µg/mL (IC50 =6.5 µg/mL) Induces apoptosis by upregulating Bax and activating caspase-3 17 Pancreatic cancer Cell line: MIA PaCa-2, and PANC-1 10-50 mM Stimulates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis associated with mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome C release, and downstream caspase activation 18 Ovarian carcinoma Cell line: ES-2 and PA-1 10-100 μM Elevates p53 and Cip1/p21, decreases cyclin D1 and E levels, and induces caspase-3-mediated apoptosis by increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio 21 Nasopharyng- eal carcinoma Cell line: NPC-BM1 50-200 μM Reduces cancer cell viability by increasing caspase-3 activity, downregulating Bcl-2, and decreasing telomerase activity 22 Lymphoma Animal: Dalton’s Lymphoma bearing mice 40-80 mg/kg body weight Prevents cancer progression and increases life span of DL mice by downregulating the PKC signaling pathway and induces cancer cell death by blocking energy metabolism 23,24 Prostate cancer Cell line: PLS10(rat) 80-200 μM (IC50 =100 µM) Inhibits invasive potential through action on the activity of proteases, such as collagenase/gelatinase and collagenase IV 37
