Examples of application of tumor organoids
| Organoid type | Translational research | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Gastric cancer | Chemotherapeutic drug testing (5-FU, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, epirubicin, and docetaxel); targeted therapy testing (anti-HER2, imatinib, and palbociclib) | 100 |
| Metastatic colorectal cancer | Chemotherapeutic drug testing (irinotecan and 5-FU–irinotecan combination) | 101 |
| Colorectal cancer | High-content phenotypic drug screening (80 compounds either FDA approved or in clinical trials) | 97 |
| Esophageal adenocarcinoma | Chemotherapeutic drug testing (temozolomide and docetaxel); targeted therapy testing (CDK4/6 inhibitors and CDK2 inhibitors) | 102 |
| Prostate cancer | Ribosomal targeting drugs (CX-5461 and CX-6258) | 20 |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | Targeted drug testing (HSP90 inhibitor AUY922) | 103 |
| Colorectal cancer | Immunotherapy (generation of tumor-reactive T cells) | 104 |
| Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | Targeted epigenetic regulator testing (G9a inhibitor A366 and EZH2 inhibitor UNC1999) | 105 |
| Basic research | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Genetic cancer modeling | 106 |
| Gastric corpus tissues of mice | Inflammation-associated carcinogenesis | 107 |
| Neoplastic cerebral | Tumorigenic capability of gain- and loss-of-function mutations | 108 |
| Normal human colon | Mutational processes underlying cancer initiation and progression | 109 |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma of mice | Tumor microenvironment | 110 |
| Progenitor organoids | Cancer modeling | 105 |