Rap1 in tumor cell invasion and metastasis
| Tumor types | Function | Signaling molecules | Cell lines | Methods used | Reference | ||
| In vitro | In vivo | ||||||
| Rap1 | Melanoma | 8CPT-2OMe-cAMP induces Rap1 activation and thus promotes cell migration. | Integrin αvβ3, ERK | A375, MeWo | Transwell | / | 35 |
| Rap1 | Melanoma | Rap1 and RIAM are required for melanoma cell invasion. | RIAMc, Vav2-RhoA-ROCK-MLC, ERK, Akt | BLM | Transwell | / | 59 |
| Rap1 | Lung cancer, RCC | 8CPT-2OMe-cAMP treatment and Rap1 activation inhibit TGFβ- or HGF-induced cell scattering. | / | A549, RCC10 | Live cell microscopy | / | 34 |
| Rap1 | Breast cancer | Rap1 activation is required for cell migration. | Integrin β1 | MCF7 | Transwell | / | 36 |
| Rap1 | HNSCC | Rap1 enhances β-catenin-dependent cell invasion | β-catenin, T-cell factor, MMP7 | UM-SCC-1 | Transwell | / | 75 |
| Rap1 | Pancreatic cancer | Rap1 activation is required for EGFR-mediated invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. | p130CAS/Nck1 | FG, BXPC3 | Transwell | Chick embryo metastasis model | 38 |
| Rap1 | Leukemia | Rap1 activation is required for adherence to endothelial cells and transendothelial migration. | / | A20 | Transwell | / | 39 |
| Rap1E63 | Prostate adenocarcinoma | Rap1E63 increases cell migration and invasion. | Integrins α4, β3, αvβ3 | PC3 | Transwell | Xenograft mouse model | 41 |
| Rap1E63 | Lung cancer | Rap1E63 promotes cell migration. | / | H1299 | Scratch/Transwell | / | 69 |
| Rap1V12 | Bladder carcinoma | Rap1V12 inhibits cell migration. | Paxillin-Crk-DOCK180 signaling complex, Rac1 | NBT-II | Random cell migration | / | 33 |
| Rap1V12 | Melanoma | Rap1V12 or Rap1GAPII inhibits tumor cell invasion and metastasis. | FAK, integrin β1 | B16F1, A375 | Transwell, transendothelial migration, cell tracking | Xenograft mouse model; | 43 |
| Rap1V12 | Prostate adenocarcinoma | Rap1V12 suppresses metastatic activity of tumor cell. | / | PC3 | Transwell | Xenograft mouse model | 42 |
| Rap1A | ESCC | Rap1A promotes cell migration and invasion. | MMP2 | EC109 | Transwell | / | 76 |
| Rap1A | Breast cancer | Rap1A is required for cell migration and invasion induced by lysophosphatidic acid. | β-Arrestin2, IQGAP1 | MDA-MB-231 | Scratch/Transwell | / | 77 |
| Rap1A | Glioma | Rap1A is required for PDGF-BB-stimulated chemotactic motility and 3D spheroid invasion. | / | U87 | Transwell, three-dimensional spheroid invasion assay | / | 45 |
| Rap1B | Glioma | Rap1B suppresses migration of glioma cells. | Rac1 | GNS-3314 | Transwell | / | 44 |
| Rap1B | Leukemia | Rap1B is required for transendothelial migration of cells. | Integrin β2 | CCRF-CEM | Transendothelial migration | / | 40 |
RCC, renal cell carcinoma; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.